Anderson, England’s all-time leading wicket-taker, took one of the four wickets to fall on the third morning as the hosts completed a rout by an innings and 114 runs.
On an poignant day at the home of cricket, 41-year-old Anderson was given a guard of honour by both teams on his entrance to the field and was visibly moved by the standing ovation he received from the expectant crowd.
The result was already in little doubt after West Indies had been reduced to 79-6 on the second evening, 171 away from making England bat again.
Anderson bowled the first full over of the day and struck in his second, having Joshua da Silva caught behind.
Gus Atkinson had Alzarri Joseph held at long leg to become the first England bowler to take a 10-wicket haul on Test debut since 1976, then bowled the swiping Shamar Joseph.
The stage was set for Anderson, who somehow missed the chance for the fairytale finale when he dropped a caught-and-bowled chance off Gudakesh Motie.
Instead it was Atkinson who had the final say when Jayden Seales was caught at deep square leg to leave West Indies 136 all out. It gave Atkinson 5-61 in the second innings and 12-106 in the match, the best figures by an England debutant in 134 years.
